A review on recent innovation in osmotically controlled drug delivery system.

In recent years, oral controlled release (CR) system is most acceptable dosage form by the patients. Drugs having short biological half-life and poor water solubility are the suitable candidate for development of CR system. They include dosage forms for oral and transdermal administration as well as injectable and implantable systems. For most of drugs, oral route remains as the most acceptable route of administration. Certain molecules may have low oral bioavailability because of solubility or permeability limitations. Development of an extended release dosage form also requires reasonable absorption throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Among the available techniques to improve the bioavailability of these drugs fabrication of osmotic drug delivery system is the most appropriate one. The release of drug(s) from osmotic systems follows zero order. It is mainly governed by various formulation factors such as solubility and osmotic pressure of the core component(s), size of the delivery orifice, and nature of the rate-controlling membrane. The present review highlights an overview of OCDDS. And new technologies, fabrication and recent clinical research in osmotic drug delivery. Further, the challenges of these technologies and its future perspective are also discussed at length.

Bone marrow abnormalities in HIV disease.

Bone marrow abnormalities are frequently observed in HIV infected individuals at all stages of the disease. The most common abnormal finding is dysplasia affecting one or more cell lines. Erythroid dysplasia is the most common type of dysplasia and is recognized in over 50% of HIV infected patients, abnormal granulocytic and megakaryocytic development is encountered in one-third of patients. Plasma cells are strikingly increased in bone marrow of HIV infected patients. It may represent a physiological response to antigenic stimulation by viruses, other infective agents or secondary to dysregulated B-cell proliferation due to HIV. Herein we present a review discussing the various bone marrow abnormalities associated with the HIV disease.

Study of bone marrow abnormalities in patients with HIV disease.

AIM: Present work was carried out to study the bone marrow abnormalities in patients with HIV/AIDS and to find their association with peripheral hematological abnormalities. METHODS: Seventy four patients of HIV/AIDS were included in the study. The patients had anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia or pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) as indications for bone marrow examination. A complete blood count, relevant biochemical investigations, HIV RNA load and CD4 positive lymphocyte counts were done, besides a thorough history and clinical examination. HIV positive patients were classified as those having AIDS and those without AIDS according to NACO criteria. RESULTS: Majority of patients (72.9%) had AIDS. Bone marrow was normocellular in 78.95% of non-AIDS and 74.55% of AIDS, hypocellular in 5.26% of non-AIDS and 7.27% of AIDS, hypercellular in 15.79% of non-AIDS and 18.18 % of AIDS patients. Myelodysplasia was present in 21.05% of non AIDS and 36.46% of AIDS and the most common series affected was granulocytic (15.79% of total in non-AIDS and 30.9% in AIDS). Dysplasia was statistically significantly associated with lower CD4 count (p = 0.031) and anemia (p = 0.013). Myelodysplasia was apparent even before patients developed anemia (16.67%). Increased plasma cells in bone marrow were observed in 57.89% of non-AIDS and 65.45% of AIDS, whereas decreased lymphoid cells were seen in 36.84% of non AIDS and 60.00% of AIDS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Myelodysplasia is found in 32.43% of cases of HIV/AIDS and is more common in AIDS than in non AIDS patients. Granulocytic series is most commonly associated with evidence of dysplasia. Myelodysplasia is more common in patients with CD4 count < 200/microl and in patients with anemia. 54.05% of patients had decreased lymphoid cells in bone marrow and it was more commonly seen in AIDS than in non AIDS.

HIV disease presenting as parotid lymphoepithelial cysts: a presumptive diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytic syndrome (DILS).

Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytic syndrome (DILS), is a rare manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease which is characterized by a diffuse visceral CD8 lymphocytic infiltration, a persistent CD8 lymphocytosis, bilateral parotid swelling and cervical lymphadenopathy. We describe a case of a HIV positive female, who had bilateral parotid swelling and CD8 lymphocytosis, to illustrate this rare clinical entity.